Matthew Sadler (born 5 May 1974, in England) is an International Grandmaster of chess, and a chess writer.
Sadler won the British Championship in 1995 at the age of 21 and again in 1997 (jointly with Michael Adams). He represented England in the Chess Olympiad of 1996, scoring 10½/13 and winning a gold medal for the best score on board four (England finished fourth), and also played in 1998 scoring 7½/12. He made 7/9 on board four for England at the European Team Championship in Pula in 1997; this was the best individual score by the five-man English team and helped it win the gold medal in a major senior event for the first (and to date only) time in English chess history. He was widely tipped to reach the heights scaled by such leading players as Michael Adams and Nigel Short but has since taken the decision to cease playing professionally, opting for a career in IT in Holland. For several years, he was the book reviewer for New in Chess magazine and also wrote books and articles for other chess magazines. In 2000, his book Queen’s Gambit Declined (published by Everyman) was awarded the British Chess Federation’s book of the year award. Sadler has a French mother, speaks French perfectly and is also qualified to play in closed French events.
References
^ List of British chess champions
^ 11th European Chess Team Championship: Pula 1997, Individual statistics Olimpbase
^ BCF Book of the Year award-2000 British Chess Federation
Biography of Matthew Sadler Everyman Chess
This biographical article relating to a British chess figure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v•d•e
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Sadler_(chess_player)”
Categories: United Kingdom chess biography stubs | Chess grandmasters | English chess players | 1974 births | Living people | English non-fiction writers | British chess writers
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The Tbilisi Metro (Georgian: ???????? ?????????????, Tbilisis Metropoliteni) is a rapid transit Metro system in Tbilisi, the capital of Georgia. Opened in 1966 it became the fourth Metro system in the former Soviet Union. Like most ex-Soviet Metros, most of the stations are very deep and vividly decorated.
Presently the system consists of two lines, 22 stations on 26.4 kilometres of track. 20 stations are below ground and two are surface level. Of the subterranean stations 16 are deep level and 4 shallow. The former comprise 6 pylon stations, 5 column and 5 single vaults (built to the Leningrad Technology). The shallow stations consist of three pillar-trispans and one single vault (Kharkov Technology). Due to Tbilisi’s uneven landscape, the metro, particularly the Gldani-Varketili line, in two cases goes above ground.
In 2005 it was estimated that a total of 105.6 million people used the Metro annually. Carrying them are a fleet of 186 metro cars from two depots. Although the platforms are accommodated for five-carriage trains currently four and three carriage trains are used on lines 1 and 2 respectively. The car models are identical to those of other ex-Soviet Metros. The cost per token is 40 tetris, and remains valid for the whole duration. Trains run from 6:00 a.m. till 1:00 a.m. with intervals ranging between 4 minutes and 2.5 during peak times. Trains run between 60 km/h - 90 km/h.
History
Tbilisi (officially known as Tiflis until 1936), capital of Georgia, was always considered to be the fourth most important city of the Soviet Union, particularly of its political position as being the capital of the republic (Georgian SSR). Also the city grew quite rapidly during the nineteenth and twentieth century and apart from being a cultural centre and a political one was also an important transport hub in Transcaucasia and an industrial centre as well. All this amounted to the need of a rapid transit Metro system.
Construction began in 1952, and on 11 January 1966, the Tbilisi Metro was triumphantly opened becoming the first and only Metro system in Georgia and the fourth one in the former Soviet Union (after Moscow, Saint Petersburg, and Kiev), when the first six stations were opened. Since then, the system has steadily grown to a two line 22 station network.
During the 1990s, most of the Soviet-era station names were changed, although the financial difficulties since the breakup of the Soviet Union hit the Metro particularly hard in its infrastructure, operations and extensions. Until recently, the Metro had been underfunded and operated in severe difficulties due to poor electrical supply. It had also become infamous for widespread petty crime, like pickpocketing and mugging. In addition, there have been several incidents at metro stations in recent years. On October 9, 1997, a former policeman blew himself up at Didube station. On February 14, 2000, a teenager threw a homemade hand grenade into a metro station, injuring several people. In March 2004, several people were poisoned by an unidentified gas while using the Metro.
However, the crime has reduced as a result of security and administration reforms in the system from 2004 to 2005. Other services have also significantly improved.
Currently, the Tbilisi Metro system is undergoing a major rehabilitation effort, including the reconstruction of the stations as well as modernization of trains and other facilities. The city’s 2006 budget allocated 16 million lari for this project. President of Georgia, Mikhail Saakashvili, promised to make the Metro most prestigious public transport and charged Director General of Tbilisi Metro, Zurab Kikalishvili, in late 2005, to bring the metro to European standards by 2007
Future
The system has also an advanced extension plan, with a third line, amongst other locations, encompass the district of Vake. Forming a typical Soviet triangle with three-line six radii layout intersecting in the city centre. However, most of the construction sites remain frozen, some dating to Soviet times.
See also
List of Tbilisi metro stations
List of rapid transit systems
Notes
^ State Department of Statistics of Georgia
^ Primes News agency
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Tbilisi Metro
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi_Metro”
Categories: Rapid transit in Georgia (country) | Tbilisi MetroHidden categories: Articles containing Georgian language text
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Currently army units consist of infantry, cavalry, and cannon; worth 1, 5, and 10 “armies” respectively. In past editions there have been other variations. In 1959, wooden cubes were worth 1 “army”, while oblong wooden pieces were worth 10 “armies”. This was replaced in the 1963 and 1975 editions for plastic triangle pieces worth 1 “army” and plastic stars worth 10 “armies”. In 1980, plastic Roman numerals I, III, V, and X were used as literal numerical representations of army units. This change was reverted in the 1990 version, in favor of the plastic triangles and stars of previous editions. In 1993, the infantry, cavalry, and cannon pieces were introduced and have been used ever since; though in varying designs.
Other features
Secret Mission Risk cards, enabling Secret Mission Risk, included since 1993.
Castle Risk
Essential facts
Detailed information
Copyright date: 1986
Released by: Parker Brothers
Issued through: General release
Game description
A version focusing on Europe in which each player’s goal is to protect their castle from attack. It is often considered to be a poor game, but many concepts were used again in later variations.
Number of players
2 – 6
Army units
Army units consist of plastic triangles, which represent 1 “army”, and plastic stars, which represent 10 “armies”.
Other features
Risk 40th Anniversary Edition
Essential facts
Detailed information
Copyright date: 1999
Released by: Parker Brothers (Hasbro)
Issued through: General release
Game description
Features a color-enhanced board and metal pieces.
Number of players
2 – 6
Army units
For the special collectors’ edition, army units are made of metal. Infantry pieces worth 1 “army”; cavalry, 5 “armies”; cannon, 10 “armies”.
Other features
The movement route between the territories of East Africa and Middle East was removed; this was later confirmed as a manufacturing error.
Risk: 2210 A.D.
Essential facts
Detailed information
Copyright dates: 2001
Released by: Avalon Hill/Hasbro
Issued through: General release
Game description
An award winning futuristic version of Risk. The game features Moon Territories, ocean territories and Commanders.
Number of players
2 – 5
Army units
In addition to normal plastic army figurines, each army also has commanders which can affect battles where they are present.
Other features
Randomly placed disaster zones, in/through which no unit may move, make each game slightly different.
Players attempt to conquer Middle-earth from the Lord of the Rings.
Number of players
2 – 4
Army units
Army units include ‘light’ armies or ‘dark’ armies. The ‘light’ armies consist of elves, horsemen and eagles. The ‘dark’ armies consist of orcs, ring-wraiths and trolls.
Other features
A ring moves across the gameboard throughout after turns. Once it reaches Mordor, the game ends. Also included leaders and strongholds.
Risk: the Lord of the Rings: Gondor & Mordor Expansion Set
Essential facts
Detailed information
Copyright date: 2003
Released by: Parker Brothers (Hasbro)
Issued through: General release
Game description
Players attempt to conquer Middle-earth from the Lord of the Rings. This is an extension to Risk: the Lord of the Rings, also includes a 2-player Siege of Minas Tirith mini-game.
Number of players
2 – 4
Army units
Army units include ‘light’ armies or ‘dark’ armies. The ‘light’ armies consist of elves, and eagles. The ‘dark’ armies consist of orcs and trolls.
Other features
A ring moves across the gameboard throughout after turns. Once it reaches Mordor, the game ends. Also included leaders and strongholds.
Risk: the Lord of the Rings: Trilogy Edition
Essential facts
Detailed information
Copyright date: 2003
Released by: Parker Brothers (Hasbro)
Issued through: General release
Game description
Combines the first two Lord of the Rings versions, but does not include the Siege of Minas Tirith mini-game.
Number of players
2 – 4
Army units
Army units include ‘light’ armies or ‘dark’ armies. The ‘light’ armies consist of elves, and eagles. The ‘dark’ armies consist of orcs and trolls.
Other features
A ring moves across the gameboard throughout after turns. Once it reaches Mordor, the game ends. Also included leaders and strongholds.
Risk Godstorm
Essential facts
Detailed information
Copyright dates: 2004
Released by: Avalon Hill/Hasbro
Issued through: General release
Game description
A version based on the mythological pantheons of various ancient civilizations. The map is a stylized continent flanked by the island of Atlantis. Deceased units battle in the underworld for the chance for resurrection.
Number of players
2 – 5
Army units
In addition to normal plastic army figurines, each army also has gods which can affect battles where they are present.
Other features
Randomly placed plague zones; “Faith tokens” which act as currency to buy Gods and cards, each of which have different characteristics.
Risk: Star Wars: Clone Wars Edition
Essential facts
Detailed information
Copyright date: 2005
Released by: Parker Brothers (Hasbro)
Issued through: General release
Game description
Set in the Star Wars universe during the Clone Wars. The player can fight on the side of the Separatists or the Republic, using either the classic Risk rules or the Clone Wars variations.
Number of players
2 – 4
Army units
Other features
Included “Order 66″ which allows for shorter game play.
Risk: Star Wars Original Trilogy Edition
Essential facts
Detailed information
Copyright date: 2006
Released by: Parker Brothers (Hasbro)
Issued through: General release
Game description
Set in the Star Wars universe, players play as the Galactic Empire, the Rebel Alliance, or the Hutts. This version is unique in that each of the factions has a different set of goals and victory conditions.
Number of players
2 – 5
Army units
Other features
Risk: The Transformers Edition
Essential facts
Detailed information
Copyright date: 2007
Released by: Parker Brothers (Hasbro)
Issued through: General release
Game description
Based on the Transformers film, players can either play on the side of the Autobots or the Decepticons on a Cybertron stylized map.
Number of players
2 – 4
Army units
Single units are depicted as robots, and three army units are futuristic tanks
Other features
Leaders and location that can “transform” and have special powers based on form.
Also some boards can be changed by spinning or sliding them.
Risk Junior: Narnia
Essential facts
Detailed information
Copyright dates: 2006
Released by: Parker Brothers (Hasbro)
Issued through: General release, exclusive to United Kingdom
Game description
Based on The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, players can play as either the forces of Aslan or as the forces of the White Witch. It is the first Risk game made for young children.
Number of players
2 – 4
Army units
Other features
Risk: Halo Wars
Essential facts
Detailed information
Copyright dates: 2009
Released by: Parker Brothers (Hasbro)
Issued through: General release.
Game description
Based on Halo Wars, played just like Risk: Black Ops.
Number of players
2 – 5
Army units
Other features
French releases
La Conquête du monde†
Essential facts
Detailed information
Copyright date: 1957
Released by: Miro
Issued through:
Game description
Number of players
Army units
Armies made out of rectangular wooden cubes. Pieces representing ten armies are made of triangular pieces of wood.
Other features
† Although not technically a licensed Risk variation, La Conquête du monde is included in this list as it is the precursor to the popular English version of Risk.
Risk: Édition Napoléon
Essential facts
Detailed information
Copyright date: 1999
Released by: Tilsit, Hasbro
Issued through:
Game description
Number of players
2 – 5
Army units
Other features
Adds generals, fortresses, and naval units.
Risk: Édition Napoléon: Extension Empire Ottoman
Essential facts
Detailed information
Copyright date: 2000
Released by: Tilsit, Hasbro
Issued through:
Game description
Adds a sixth player to Risk: Édition Napoléon.
Number of players
2 – 6
Army units
Other features
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_licensed_Risk_game_boards”
Categories: Lists of games | Parker Brothers games
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(Redirected from Emperor (book series))
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Emperor is an internationally acclaimed historical novel series by British author Conn Iggulden about the life of Roman statesman and general Gaius Julius Caesar. The series spans four novels and was released between 2003 and 2005. They are as follows:
The Gates of Rome - released 2003
The Death of Kings - released early 2004
The Field of Swords - released late 2004
The Gods of War - released 2005
The series has been very well acclaimed by critics but also commented that Iggulden sometimes changes historical facts to make a more thrilling tale. He adds notes in every novel to explain reasons why. This most notably is the main plot, featuring Caesar and Brutus growing up as childhood friends and aged the same (Brutus was in reality 15 years younger than Caesar and sometimes considered his son, though unlikely). This gives the series some complex similar to the famous movie 1900 (movie) of two boys, growing up together though with different destinies and what divides them as they get older and older (in this case, culminating with the Ides of March).
Apart from Caesar and Brutus, historical characters include: Gaius Marius, Cornelius Sulla, Mithridates VI of Pontus, Cinna, Cornelia Cinna, Pompey, Crassus, Cato the Younger, Spartacus, Crixus, Brutus’ mother Servilia Caepionis, Octavian and his mother Atia, Titus Annius Milo, Publius Clodius Pulcher, Vercingetorix, Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus, Lucius Sergius Catilina, Mark Antony, and Cleopatra VII of Egypt, who gives Caesar a son.
Plot overview
The Gates of Rome - spanning from 92 BC to 82 BC (Caesar at eight years of age to the victory of Sulla). Caesar grows up with his childhood friend Marcus outside Rome, terrorized by the slightly older neighbor Suetonius Prandus. Caesar and Marcus are trained to be warriors under the tutelage of ex-gladiator and soldier, Renius. After Caesar’s father and others are killed in a slave revolt, the children go to Rome to join Caesar’s uncle (in reality not related by blood) Gaius Marius and the populares faction. Marius, who is consul, is waging a political war against the conservative optimates led by Cornelius Sulla, the main antagonist. After a triumph celebrating Marius’ victory over African tribes, Sulla is shipped of to Asia Minor to fight Mithridates VI of Pontus. Meanwhile, Marius takes possession of Rome and Caesar falls in love with Cornelia Cinna, daughter of a populare. Marcus goes to Macedon to join a legion as he is, by his unnoble birth, not in position to become a senator. Upon Sulla’s return, civil warrages (historically, though simplified) between him and Marius. By having left soldiers in Rome, Sulla succeeds in capturing the city and kills Marius when he refuses to surrender. By his dying breath, Marius asks his loyal men to defeat Sulla. After days of tough street-fighting in which Caesar is captured, Sulla emerges victor and is proclaimed dictator. He asks Caesar to join him, threatening him with torture and death if he refuses. Upon seeing the young man irresistibly wanting to turn his back on his dead uncle, Sulla lets him go. Forced to flee Rome, Caesar does so and joins the navy to go to Egypt. Meanwhile, Marcus has been victorious in campaigns against barbarians and is opted to lengthen his contract. He does so, and when asked to sign his name, reveals the surname Brutus (Marcus Brutus). The book closes by Brutus being praised for his great valor.
The Death of Kings - spanning from 81 BC to 71 BC (Cornelia’s pregnancy to the defeat of Spartacus). Opening in the Aegean Sea, Caesar leads a group of men to attack a rebellious fortress in Mytilene (historical) and he is saluted for his courage. Meanwhile, Brutus is forced to flee Greece upon having late meetings with a young woman. Accompanied by cruel but magnificent gladiator Renius, he sets off to Rome. Meanwhile, Cornelia is terrified as Sulla haunts her. Upon raping her on the night where her and Caesar’s son is born, Caesar and Brutus’ friend Tubruk (caretaker of Caesar’s estate when they were young) kills Sulla and manages to escape uncaught though others are tortured and killed. Caesar is caught by pirates and forced to ransom 20 talents. He suggests 50 instead, and upon being released on the African coast he builds up a minor army, manages to find the pirate in Greece and takes revenge. Upon landing in Greece, he finds out Sulla is dead and decides to go home. Meanwhile, defeated but surviving, Mithridates rebels yet again to fight Rome and Caesar falls into battle with him, managing to defeat and kill the king (the title of the book, suggesting Sulla and Mithridates. This event is fictitious as Mithridates was historically defeated by Pompey and committed suicide more than ten years later.) Upon returning to Rome, Caesar rises as a lawyer and manages to claim Marius’ old house and send the optimate housed in it (general Antonidus) into slavery, receiving enemies among the optimates. Upon the rebellion of Spartacus, Caesar follows the populares Pompey and Crassus who rallies troops and hunts the slave army to Gaul. Cato, who secretly had Pompey’s daughter killed as revenge for Sulla now lets murderers kill Cornelia and Caesar returns in sorrow to Rome. Upon tracking down the assassin, Pompey kills him and Cato. Crassus builds a wall to trap the slaves on the coast. Caesar goes out to fight the last battle, depressed but encouraged by old friend Cabera, a healer and friend of Renius. Spartacus fights the last battle against Pompey and seeing his slaves are defeated he puts on his helmet, grasps his sword and charges into the battle, predicting Rome will fall one day. The book closes with Crassus and Pompey riding along the Via Appia towards Rome, passing six thousand crucified slaves. The two have been assuming power and, having exiled Caesar to Spain, enter the city, with Pompey believing Caesar will be no more than he already is.
The Field of Swords - spanning from 67 BC to 49 BC (Four years after the defeat of Spartacus to the crossing of the Rubicon). Caesar is in Spain, still depressed after his wife’s death and with no plans of further advancement. Pompey and Crassus rule Rome as consuls while Brutus mother Servilia travels to Spain to meet her son. Caesar goes out to ride with her and they fall in love, dividing Brutus and Caesar for the first time as Brutus unintentionally sees his mother and best friend in bed together. Soon returning to Rome, Caesar rallies to become consul but is disturbed as Crassus reveals a conspiracy to him, led by the insurgent Catiline. Taking his Tenth legion (originally created by Brutus as Caesar was in Greece), Caesar defeats Catiline and his supporters are brutally executed by Pompey. Confronting Crassus, Caesar reveals he knew Crassus was the mastermind of the whole conspiracy, yet unknown by all others, including Pompey. After becoming consul, Caesar goes to Gaul to fight an eight year war, spanning half the book. After finally defeating the great-king Vercingetorix, where his old friend Renius dies in battle and Cabera shortly before, prophecizing he saw Caesar fall on the Ides of March in Rome. After bloody battles between street gangsters Clodius and Milo, burning down half the city and killing them both, Pompey assumes power and is proclaimed dictator. With only he and Caesar left, he orders Caesar dead by a spy who refuses to carry the execution out and also warns Caesar not to go into Rome alone as Pompey would want him dead. Standing at the Rubicon, Brutus says Caesar will always be his friend and have his support, whether they should invade Italy or go hide forever in Gaul. Uttering “the die is cast”, Caesar crosses the river and goes to Rome.
The Gods of War - spanning from 49 BC to 44 BC (the crossing of the Rubicon to assassination on the Ides of March). Pompey flees Italy as his troops are insufficient. Caesar takes the city, saying he is no tyrant nor dictator and just wants to purify Rome from men such as Pompey. As he finds himself ignored, Brutus joins Pompey instead. Ultimately going to fight him in Greece, Caesar is defeated by his once-friend Pompey at Dyrrhachium but takes revenge at Pharsalus where he reunites with Brutus, though the latter won’t forgive him. They follow Pompey to Egypt to receive his head and is soon caught in battle between Cleopatra and her brother Ptolemy. Upon sleeping with Cleopatra, Caesar joins her party and captures Ptolemy. As he is released, Caesar is besieged but manages to defeat Ptolemy’s troops along with his minister Panek (historically Pothinus). After a romantic trip to the Nile and the birth of Caesars only son, he returns to Rome but once again disagrees with Brutus as the latter wants to preserve the republic. Brutus, encouraged by his mother, passes from ignoring Caesar to join Cassius and Suetonius Prandus to have Caesar killed. Going alone to the senate on the Ides of March, he is attacked and asks Brutus to kill him as he never wanted his long-gone friend as an enemy. The senators kill Caesar and then stumble out on the streets of Rome.
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_(novel_series)”
Categories: Novel series | Novels set in Ancient RomeHidden categories: Articles lacking sources from June 2007 | All articles lacking sources
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This page was last modified on 6 December 2009 at 22:39.
This article does not cite any references or sources.
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A chasqui playing a pututo (conch shell)
The Chasquis (also Chaskis) were agile and highly-trained runners that delivered messages, royal delicacies and other objects throughout the Inca Empire, principally in the service of the Sapa Inca.
Chasquis were dispatched along thousands of miles, taking advantage of the vast Inca system of purpose-built roads and rope bridges in the Andes of Peru and Ecuador. On the coast of what is now Peru their route ran from Nazca to Tumbes. Chasqui routes also extended into further reaches of the empire into parts of what are now Colombia, Bolivia, Argentina and Chile.
Each chasqui carried a pututu (a trumpet made of a conch shell), a quipu in which information was stored, and a qipi on his back to hold objects to be delivered. Chasquis worked using a relay system which allowed them to convey messages over very long distances within a short period of time. Tambos, or relay stations, were constructed at key points along the road system, often consisting of a small shelter with food and water. Chasquis would start at one tamboand run to the nexttambo where a rested chasqui was waiting to carry the message to the next tambo. Through the chasqui system a message could be delivered from Cusco to Quito within a week.
A caricature of the Chasqui was used as the mascot for the Copa América in 2004, which was hosted by Peru that year.
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaski”
Categories: Inca | Postal systemHidden categories: Articles lacking sources from November 2007 | All articles lacking sources
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This page was last modified on 14 January 2010 at 15:01.
Fort Mills (Corregidor, the Philippines) was the location of US Major General George F. Moore’s headquarters for the Philippine Department’s Harbor Defenses of Manila and Subic Bays. This was one of the locations at which, under the National Defense Act of 1935, coastal artillery training was conducted.
References
McGovern, Terrance C. and Mark A Berhow American Defenses of Corregidor and Manila Bay 1898-1945 Osprey Publishing ISBN 1-84176-427-2
Rebecca Gunton
20 April 1976 (1976-04-20)(age 33)
Bury St. Edmunds
Nationality
British
Ethnicity
White British
Education
Stowmarket High School,
University of Luton
Known for
TV weather/news presenter
Becky Jago (born Rebecca Gunton on 20 April 1976 in Bury St. Edmunds, one of four siblings) is a British television news presenter.
She is currently employed by ITV Anglia.
Jago attended Stowmarket High School from 1989 to 1994, where she was sports captain for 2 years. She graduated from the University of Luton (now the University of Bedfordshire) in 1997 with a, and then spent some time in Japan, where she worked in a public bar.
Jago started her media career at Vibe FM radio station (subsequently known as Vibe 105-108, and now known as Kiss 105-108), working her way up from researcher to become the co-presenter on the breakfast show. After appearing in a television documentary about Vibe FM, she was spotted by producers of Anglia News who hired her as their weathergirl, and also appeared on Five TV’s The Wright Stuff where she would introduce phone in contributors.
In November 2001, she joined the BBC’s children’s news programme Newsround, becoming one of the two main presenters. During this period she had an unsuccessful performance on a celebrity version of The Weakest Link. Becky was first to be eliminated after incorrectly answering the 50/50 question: “What is the safest way to read a firework instruction manual - An electric torch or a match?”
Jago joined Capital Radio on 28 February 2003 to partner Chris Tarrant on the breakfast show. She stayed with new host Johnny Vaughan after Tarrant left in 2004, but left the show when her contract ended in December 2004. She then had stints as a reporter on GMTV’s Entertainment Today programme, and Sky Sports News, before returning to Anglia News in May 2005 as a feature reporter and presenter. Since 12 February 2009, Jago is the main presenter of Anglia Tonight, alongside Jonathan Wills.
Contents
1Personal life
2Tributes
3References
4External links
Personal life
An Ipswich Town F.C. supporter, Jago played football from school level, through University and in various works teams. Her mother died of Breast Cancer, and Jago supports charities in this area.
Jago married in December 2004, and lives in Norwich, Norfolk with her husband and twin children. Her husband is a shop assistant on a caravan site.
Becky is an official patron of disabled children’s charity “Out & About” (Out-and-About.org.uk), which supports disabled children in leisure activities in Norfolk and Suffolk.
Tributes
The band Hardly Mozart were formerly known as Becky Jago, and then Jago, in tribute to Becky.
References
^ BBC Sport Academy Sporty as a youngster - Becky Jago
^ University of Bedfordshire BA Hons in Media Performance
^ EDP24 Campaigns and Appeals EDP Breast Cancer Appeal
^ Out & About Our Patrons
^ BBC Norfolk Norfolk Bands - a new name . . . whatever happened to Jago?
External links
Becky Jago Official Website Gallery & Charity info
Becky Jago at the Internet Movie Database
This biographical article related to BBC Television is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v•d•e
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Becky_Jago”
Categories: BBC television biography stubs | 1976 births | Living people | British television presenters | Newsround presenters | People from Bury St Edmunds | Alumni of the University of BedfordshireHidden categories: Articles with hCards
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Hall”
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March
Full name
March Engineering
Base
United Kingdom
Founder(s)
Max Mosley, Alan Rees, Graham Coaker, Robin Herd
Noted drivers
Chris Amon, Jo Siffert, Niki Lauda, Ronnie Peterson, Vittorio Brambilla
Formula One World Championship career
Engines
Ford, Alfa Romeo, Judd, Ilmor
Debut
1970 South African Grand Prix
Races competed
207
Constructors’ Championships
0
Drivers’ Championships
0
Race victories
3
Pole positions
4
Fastest laps
7
Final race
1992 Australian Grand Prix
March Engineering was a Formula One constructor and manufacturer of customer racing cars from Britain. Although only moderately successful in Grand Prix competition, March racing cars enjoyed much better achievement in other categories of competition including Formula Two, Formula Three, IndyCar and IMSA GTP sportscar racing.
Contents
11970s
21980s
31990s
3.1Leyton House Racing
3.2Demise
42000s
5Car Designations
6Formula One Results
7Bibliography
8References
9Related links
1970s
March Engineering began operations in 1969. Its four founders were Max Mosley, Alan Rees, Graham Coaker and Robin Herd. They each had a specific area of expertise: Max Mosley looked after the commercial side, Robin Herd was the designer, Alan Rees managed the racing team and Graham Coaker oversaw production at the factory in Bicester, Oxfordshire. The history of March is dominated by the conflict between the need for constant development and testing to remain at the peak of competitiveness in F1 and the need to build simple, reliable cars for customers in order to make a profit. Herd’s original F1 plan was to build a single-car team around Jochen Rindt, but Rindt became dismayed at the size of the March programme and elected to continue at Team Lotus.
March’s launch was unprecedented in its breadth and impact. After building a single Formula 3 car in 1969 March announced that they would be introducing customer cars for F1, F2, F3, Formula Ford and Can-Am in 1970, as well as running works F1, F2 and F3 teams.
The Formula One effort initially looked most promising, with March supplying its 701 chassis to Tyrrell for Jackie Stewart. These cars were merely a stopgap for Tyrrell, who no longer had the use of Matra chassis and was in the process of constructing his own car; March was the only option available to him given clashing fuel contracts. In addition, the factory ran two team cars for Jo Siffert (Porsche were paying for his drive) and Chris Amon sponsored by STP. A third STP car, entered by Andy Granatelli for Mario Andretti, appeared on several occasions. Ronnie Peterson appeared in a semi-works car for Colin Crabbe when his works Formula Two commitments allowed; various other 701s went to privateers. The team constructed ten F1 chassis that year, in addition to F2, F3, Formula Ford and Can-Am chassis. Stewart gave the March chassis its first F1 victory in the 1970 Spanish Grand Prix and Amon took a non-championship race, but the works team did not win a Grand Prix. The 701 had distinctive wing-profile fuel tanks at the side of the car designed by Peter Wright of Specialised Mouldings; Wright had been involved with BRM’s abortive ground-effect programme in the late sixties and later worked on the groundbreaking Lotus 78. The 701’s tanks though lacked endplates and skirts to help generate any meaningful ground effect. Robin Herd (in Mike Lawrence’s history of the team ‘Four Guys and a Telephone’) described the 701 as essentially a good 1969 car and not what he would have done had he been able to run a small team for a star like Rindt - the 701 was designed and built very quickly and he claims he would have built something more like the 711.
Andrea de Adamich driving a March 711 at the 1971 German Grand Prix.
The distinctive March 711 taking part in the Silverstone Classic meeting in 2007.
David Purley in a March 731 F1 car rented from the works.
For the 1971 Formula One season March Engineering came up with the remarkable 711 chassis, which had aerodynamics by Frank Costin and an ovoid front wing described as the Spitfire (for its shape) or ‘Tea-tray’ (for its elevation from the car) wing. The car took no wins, but Ronnie Peterson finished second on four occasions, ending as runner-up in the World Championship. Alfa Romeo V8 powered cars were occasionally entered, to little avail (following on from an equally unsuccessful Alfa program with McLaren).
The 1972 Formula One season completely failed to capitalise on the promise shown in 1970-71. Three distinct models of car were used, beginning with the 721, which was a development of the 711. Peterson and Niki Lauda then drove the disappointing experimental 721X factory cars (using an Alfa Romeo transverse gearbox and intended to have a low polar-moment, anticipating in some ways the much more successful Tyrrell 005/006). Frank Williams ran regular 711 and 721 customer cars for Henri Pescarolo and Carlos Pace. The 721X was deemed to be a disaster and abandoned, but the team saw a way out; customer Mike Beuttler and his backers ordered an F1 car, and the team produced the 721G in nine days (the ‘G’ standing for ‘Guinness Book Of Records’ as the car was built so quickly) by fitting a Cosworth DFV and larger fuel tanks to the 722 F2 chassis (not as desperate an experiment as it may have sounded — John Cannon commissioned a Formula 5000 car which was built to a very similar scheme). The 721G was light and quick, and the works team soon built their own chassis. Had they started the year with these, wins may well have been possible. The 721G set the trend for future March F1 cars, which for the rest of the 1970s were essentially scaled-up F2 chassis. Meanwhile, March was going from strength to strength in Formula Two (which became its spiritual home) and Formula Three.
Also, the German team Eifelland entered under its own name a 721 much-modified with distinctive and eccentric bodywork by designer Luigi Colani for its driver Rolf Stommelen. This car was extremely unsuccessful, and later reverted mostly to conventional 721 form and was used by John Watson to make his F1 debut for John Goldie’s Hexagon of Highgate team.
March’s only notable result was Peterson’s third place in Germany.
1973 was the low-point for March in Formula 1. The four extant 721Gs were re-bodied and fitted with nose-mounted radiators and the crash-absorbing deformable structures that became mandatory that season; although no new chassis were built, they were re-designated 731s. Without significant STP money, the March factory team was struggling, running an almost unsponsored car for Jean-Pierre Jarier (who mainly concentrated on F2, winning the championship in a works March-BMW), while Hesketh bought a car for James Hunt to race. Jarier was replaced by Tom Wheatcroft’s driver Roger Williamson, who suffered a fatal accident in Zandvoort (at which race March privateer David Purley attempted to rescue Williamson from his burning car). The Hesketh team, after an initial non-championship outing using a Surtees, bought a March which was developed by Harvey Postlethwaite and became a regular points-scorer, again hinting that there was little wrong with the basic concept of the 721G/731. Had March been able to focus on F1, greater success would have been possible. 1973 marked the first year where F2 became more important to March than F1, with the new two-litre rules marking the beginning of a long relationship with Paul Rosche at BMW. March undertook to buy a quantity of BMW engines each year in exchange for ‘works’ units for their own team; the BMW unit was standard-issue for the 732 F2 car and to use up the rest of the units March also manufactured a 2 litre prototype until 1975. Some of these had an astonishingly long life and were still competing (albeit much-modified) in Japan in the early 1980s.
In 1974, the factory team ran Howden Ganley until his money ran out, then Hans-Joachim Stuck in a Jägermeister-sponsored car and Vittorio Brambilla in a Beta Tools-sponsored car. Both drivers were exuberant and occasionally quick, but proved expensive in terms of accident damage. BMW was starting to exert pressure on March to quit F1 and concentrate on F2. Patrick Depailler took the F2 championship in an Elf-sponsored March-BMW, the marque’s last title for several years as the Elf sponsorship programme and (in 1976) the arrival of Renault engines turned the formula into a French benefit. Some discontent arose in the March customer ranks in F2 since the works appeared after the first couple of F2 races with cars that differed significantly from the customer vehicles.
In the following year Brambilla continued, scoring a surprise victory in the rain-shortened 1975 Austrian Grand Prix. The second car was run by Lella Lombardi, the only woman to score a Championship point in F1 (only a half point actually as the ill-fated 1975 Spanish Grand Prix was shortened). Sadly, Mark Donohue died after a practice accident in a Penske-owned March at the 1975 Austrian Grand Prix. Penske had abandoned their own car and bought a March to allow them to continue to compete; subsequent Penske F1 cars were very much ’son of March’. Through the mid-Seventies March provided privateers with simple, fast, and economical cars, although it does not pay to examine the history of individual chassis too closely; at one point Frank Williams bought an allegedly brand new 761B only to discover that it still had orange paint on it from its time as a 751 with Brambilla driving! The relationship between chassis plates, chassis and ‘entities’ is distinctly fuzzy in the 741/751/761 series, with at least one chassis plate having appeared on three distinct monocoques and one monocoque having appeared under multiple plates.
Hans-Joachim Stuck driving a March 761 at the Nürburgring in 1976.
In 1976, Peterson, unhappy with the uncompetitive Lotus, jumped ship early and returned to March for whom he scored the team’s second and last win at Monza. The 761 was fast but fragile, the F2 components starting to show the strain; by this point the F1 effort was being run on a shoestring with a two-car ‘works’ effort featuring Peterson and Stuck, the cars tending to turn up in different liveries as race-by-race sponsorship deals were signed, and a ‘B-team’ entered under the March Engines banner for paying drivers Lombardi and Arturo Merzario. By now the F1 effort as a whole was under fairly severe pressure from BMW, which wanted Robin Herd to concentrate entirely on the works’ Formula Two effort, which was starting to be outpaced by French constructors (Martini and Elf) and the new Ralt marque.
That year Peterson scored only one other point in 1976 before being brokered back into a deal with Tyrrell for 1977. Although he felt most at home at March, it was clear that the team didn’t have the resources to do Formula 1 “properly”.
In the off-season of 1976/77, March engineer Wayne Eckersley constructed a rear end for the 761 chassis that had four driven wheels (designated the March 2-4-0) to Robin Herd’s design. Unlike the six-wheeled Tyrrell P34, the 2-4-0 had four 16″ driven wheels at the rear (the same size as the front wheels). The theory behind the design was that this arrangement would offer improved traction and reduced aerodynamic drag (compared to the Tyrrell, which used ultra-small front wheels and normally sized rears). The chassis was tested at Silverstone circuit in early 1977 by both Howden Ganley (although the first time Ganley tested the 2-4-0 only the front pair of rear wheels were powered!) and Ian Scheckter but the project was curtailed in favour of further development of the conventional chassis. Ironically the car made March more profit than many of its successful racing cars as it was licensed by Scalextric and became one of their most popular models. The 2-4-0 rear end was later used in hillclimbing by various drivers including Roy Lane.
A token F1 effort with Rothmans sponsorship was run in 1977 for Alex Ribeiro and Ian Scheckter, but nothing worthwhile was achieved. Yet, as the works were fading from F1 the 761, by virtue of being cheap, simple and readily available, became the tool of choice for privateers, notably Frank Williams who after his acrimonious split with Walter Wolf needed a car to get back into racing before his own vehicle was ready.
Merzario later built his own unsuccessful F1 car based on his old 761, which he and Simon Hadfield attempted to develop into a ground effect car. This programme was completely unsuccessful.
At the end of the 1977 season, the F1 team’s assets and FOCA membership were sold to ATS (who had bought the Penske cars); Herd was retained by them as a consultant and was hence in the curious position of developing a development of his own 1975 car - and the 1978 ATS had some features reminiscent of contemporary March thinking. Mosley left the company to concentrate on FOCA matters. The F2 car had reached the end of a train of development that had started with the 732 and was becoming seriously uncompetitive; the works team abandoned the evolutionary 772 in favour of a smaller, neater car built around an old Formula Atlantic monocoque, the 772P. This was more than a match for the Martini opposition and formed the basis of the next year’s dominant 782.
From 1978, March concentrated on Formula Two running the works BMW team. A 781 chassis was occasionally campaigned in the minor Aurora F1 series. March also assisted in the production of the Group 4 and Group 5, racing versions of the BMW M1 sports car, which as well as running in mainstream endurance races also ran in the one-make Procar series as supporting events in many F1 races. The F2 cars of this era, particularly the 782, were often superb, and March regained its dominance of the formula - Bruno Giacomelli took the F2 title.
Ground effect came to F2 in 1979 but was widely misunderstood; for a while it looked like Rad Dougall in the Toleman team’s conventional 782 would beat not only Brian Henton in Toleman’s own car but also March’s new 792 to the title. In the end, however, Marc Surer prevailed for the works.
1980s
In 1981 March made a half-hearted and ill-financed effort to return to F1, building cars that were little more than heavy and insufficiently stiff copies of the Williams FW07 for Mick Ralph and John McDonald’s RAM Racing. The car was driven initially by Eliseo Salazar, but he soon quit for Derek Daly to take over. The team acquired a major sponsorship deal from Rothmans in 1982, but the money came too late for Herd or Adrian Reynard (who was working as chief engineer) to improve the performance of the cars. In 1983, McDonald started building his own cars and March was left outside F1 once more. The RAM-March effort was at armslength from March proper, with the cars being built at a separate factory and the only real link with March being Robin Herd. During this phase, March Engines (a separate company within the group) undertook a number of bespoke customer projects - a highly-modified BMW M1 (which was highly unsuccessful but provided some input into the later GTP/Group C cars) and an equally unsuccessful Indycar (the Orbitor) based around the 792 chassis.
The March 821 from the 1982 season on display.
March’s attention in the early 1980s was mainly split between F2 and breaking into the IndyCar market. It is a curious irony that although March’s FW07 copy bombed in Formula One, when developed into the 81C Indycar it was instantly successful (largely down to George Bignotti’s direct involvement in developing the car). Cosworth-powered Marches won the Indianapolis 500 five straight times between 1983 and 1987. The March 86C actually won the race twice in a row, 1986-1987. On the other hand, when Williams directly licensed the FW07 design to Bobby Hillin, the resultant Longhorn cars were a failure. An important sideline appeared when Group C and IMSA GTP racing started; March built a line of sports-prototypes descended from the unsuccessful BMW M1C, which, fitted with Porsche or Chevrolet engines, enjoyed considerable success in America (but less in Europe). The biggest success for March in sportscar racing was victory in the 1984 24 Hours of Daytona. A works BMW deal in IMSA suffered from engine problems but the cars were intermittently very fast. In 1982, Corrado Fabi took March’s last Formula Two title; the formula was being increasingly dominated by the works Ralt-Hondas. March abandoned the Formula Three market at the end of the 1981 season; they had enjoyed periods of dominance in the category, but this had faded in favour of Ralt, though. The margins on an F3 car were low and the factory could be more productively occupied building F2s and Indycars.
The Truesports March 86C driven by Bobby Rahal to the 1986 Indy 500 and CART championships
The new Formula 3000 in 1985 gave March much more success for the first few years of the formula, with Christian Danner being the first champion in a March chassis. He was followed in 1986 by Ivan Capelli and in 1987 by Stefano Modena. These early F3000s were little more than developments of the 842 F2 car (as were the Japanese F2 cars in 1985-86). Meanwhile, March became by far the dominant marque in Indycar racing, reaching the point where 30 out of 33 starters in the Indianapolis 500 were Marches. Into the late 1980s, the F3000 programme started to be eclipsed by Lola and Ralt, and was virtually obliterated by Reynard Motorsport’s entry to the market.
Ivan Capelli driving for March at the 1988 Canadian Grand Prix.
March began a new Formula 1 program in 1987 with the Ford-engined 871 which was sponsored by Japanese real estate company Leyton House and driven by Ivan Capelli, who had brought his F3000 sponsor to the team (in fact, for the very first race an F3000/F1 hybrid called the 87P had to be used as the 871 wasn’t ready). In August 1987, Adrian Newey came to March and designed the March-Judd 881 for Capelli and Maurício Gugelmin to drive. The car was a real success, scoring 21 points in 1988, including a second place at the 1988 Portuguese Grand Prix. It was the only normally-aspirated car to lead a race - albeit briefly - during the season. The aerodynamics and ultra-slim monocoque of the 881 were copied by most of the grid in 1989 and the car launched Newey as a superstar designer.
1990s
March encountered financial trouble and in June 1989, Japanese real estate entrepreneur Akira Akagi purchased the March F1 and F3000 teams. March concentrated on high-value partnership deals, such as Porsche and Alfa Romeo Indycar (the Porsche deal led to some success; the Alfa project was unsuccessful), consultancy work on the Panther Solo supercar, composites, and wind tunnel businesses. The wind tunnel was a disaster, with the insulation being far too efficient - it was effectively a pressure cooker that generated useless results and this destroyed the competitiveness of various teams that used it, including Lotus. The economic downturn of the late 80s affected March’s market severely and the management recognised that they were producing poor customer cars; the logical move was to merge with Ralt, with March becoming the brand for industry partnership deals, leaving Ralt to look after the production categories. This duly took place, although the businesses were never efficiently integrated.
Leyton House Racing
Main article: Leyton House Racing
The F1 team raced as Leyton House Racing in 1990 and 1991, acquiring Ilmor V10 power, but by the end of the year, Akagi was immersed in the Fuji Bank scandal and Leyton House withdrew from racing. The team was bought by Ken Marrable, an associate of Akagi, and resumed the name March for the 1992 season but with little funding and results fell far short of expectations. The Leyton House Racing operation closed down as the team (now unconnected to the March group) attempted to assemble a project for the beginning of the 1993 season. The unraced design was taken by Chris Murphy to Lotus, where it formed the basis of the Lotus 107.
Demise
A complex series of buyouts and sales saw the March group (now essentially a financial services outfit) divest itself of its racing interests; after a management buyout, March and Ralt were subsequently sold to Andrew Fitton and Steve Ward in the early 1990s. Fitton later wound March up and Ward continued Ralt at a lower level. In the late 1990s the engineering assets of March were sold to Andy Gilberg. This consisted of over 30,000 engineering drawings and design rights for the customer cars, works F1 cars from the 1970s and other projects produced at the Murdock Road facility. These records are currently available to car owners, racing services providers and historians through www.marchives.com.
2000s
In May 2009, March lodged an entry for the 2010 Formula One season along with several other new teams.
Car Designations
March’s cars generally followed a simple designation scheme in which the first two digits correspond to the year (69-91), and the third digit or letter corresponds to the formula. Some peculiarities emerged, which are documented below. There were some minor exceptions to these rules, for example xx5 designated both some very early Formula B/Atlantic cars, some early F5000s and some early 2-litre sports cars!
Formula One - 701-781, 811-821, 871-881. Subsequent March F1 cars took the CG prefix after Cesare Gariboldi. CG891, CG901, CG911. In 1972 three distinct F1 cars appeared, 721, 721X (low-polar-moment) and 721G (F2-based). 87P was a hybrid F1/F3000 used only at the start of the 1987 season.
Formula Two - 702-842. Japanese F2 cars in 1985-86 were designated 85J and 86J. A 772P appeared in 1977 based on an old Atlantic chassis as a prototype for the 782.
Formula 3000 - 85B - 89B
Formula Three - 693-813. In 1971, two types of F3 car were made, a spaceframe and a monocoque, these were designated 713S and 713M.
Can-Am/Interserie Group 7 - 707, 717, 817, 827, 847
Team Rothmans International
Hollywood March Racing
March 761B
March 771
G
Cosworth DFV
Ian Scheckter
Alex Ribeiro
Hans-Joachim Stuck
Brian Henton
NC (0 pts)
1981
March Grand Prix Team
March 811
A
M
Cosworth DFV
Eliseo Salazar
Derek Daly
NC (0 pts)
1982
March Grang Prix
Rothmans March Grand Prix Team
LBT Team March
March 821
A
P
Cosworth DFV
Raul Boesel
Jochen Mass
Rupert Keegan
Emilio de Villota
NC (0 pts)
1987
Leyton House March Racing Team
March 871
G
Cosworth DFZ
Ivan Capelli
13th(1 pt)
1988
Leyton House March Racing Team
March 881
G
Judd
Ivan Capelli
Maurício Gugelmin
6th (22 pts)
1989
Leyton House Racing
March CG891
March 881
G
Judd
Ivan Capelli
Maurício Gugelmin
14th (4 pts)
1990
Competed as Leyton House Racing
1991
Competed as Leyton House Racing
1992
March F1
March CG911
G
Ilmor
Paul Belmondo
Karl Wendlinger
Emanuele Naspetti
Jan Lammers
9th (3 pts)
Bibliography
Four Guys And A Telephone, Mike Lawrence, MRP
March: The Grand Prix and Indy Cars, Alan Henry, Hazleton
References
^Alexander, Earl (2009-05-30). “A return of March to Formula One”. f1-live.com. Racing-Live. http://en.f1-live.com/f1/en/headlines/news/detail/090530093936.shtml. Retrieved 2009-05-30.
Related links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: March Engineering
Extensive March Engineering history site
Article about the March 2-4-0
March 711 History
v•d•e
Formula One constructors
Current constructors (2010)
McLaren · Mercedes · Red Bull · Ferrari · Williams · Renault · Force India · Toro Rosso · Lotus · Campos · US F1 · Virgin · Sauber
Although World Championship races held in 1952 and 1953 were run to Formula Two regulations, constructors who only participated during this period are included herein to maintain Championship continuity. Constructors whose only participation in the World Championship was in the Indianapolis 500 races between 1950 and 1960 are not listed.
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_Engineering”
Categories: Formula One constructors | Formula One entrants | Formula Two constructors | British auto racing teams | British racecar constructors | Can-Am entrantsHidden categories: Articles needing additional references from April 2008 | All articles needing additional references
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